Just another example of “selfish genes” at work!
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) is a sequence of coordinated movements that are performed together as a “unit” without interruption. Apple growers, for example, hang large red spheres coated with stick-um in their orchards to catch adults of the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella).
In some animals, such as the gray wolf, these associations can last much longer, even a lifetime.
Mating usually involves one animal signaling another so as to communicate the desire to mate.
In resourced-based polygyny, males compete for territories with the best resources, and then mate with females that enter the territory, drawn to its resource richness. Kinesis is a change in the speed of movement (orthokinesis) or a change in the rate of turning (klinokinesis) which is directly proportional to the intensity of a stimulus. Suckling behaviour … Watch this informative video on sexual selection.
Many of these rituals use up considerable energy but result in the selection of the healthiest, strongest, and/or most dominant individuals for mating. Another example is klinokinesis, an increase in turning behaviors. Male crickets make chirping sounds using a specialized organ to attract a mate, repel other males, and to announce a successful mating. In laboratory experiments, researchers exposed such fish to objects that in no way resemble a fish in their shape, but which were painted red on their lower halves. Innate behaviors usually involve basic life functions, such as finding food or caring for offspring.
A tropotaxis requires bilateral input from paired sensory receptors such that the signal is equalized in both receptors. Do these behaviors lead to overall evolutionary advantages for their species?
The activities of social insects such as bees, wasps, ants, and termites are good examples. In monogamous systems, one male and one female are paired for at least one breeding season.
Reciprocal altruism requires that individuals repeatedly encounter each other, often the result of living in the same social group, and that cheaters (those that never “give back”) are punished.
This behavior is advantageous in such situations where mates are scarce and difficult to find.
In these situations, the female must be responsible for most of the parental care as the single male is not capable of providing care to that many offspring.
Thus a male fruit fly will perform a courtship display for a pheromone-impregnated cork even though the cork doesn’t look, taste, feel, or act like a female fruit fly. All of these behaviors involve some sort of communication between population members.
The painted stork, for example, uses its long beak to search the bottom of a freshwater marshland for crabs and other food (Figure 3).
Others have argued that the terms “selfish” and “altruistic” should be dropped completely when discussing animal behavior, as they describe human behavior and may not be directly applicable to instinctual animal activity. A praying mantis striking at prey is a typical example.
AP® is a registered trademark of the College Board, which has not reviewed this resource. Any behavior that increases an individual’s probability of encountering the releaser for a consummatory act is often called an appetative behavior. If an animal were to perform such important behaviors incorrectly, it would be less likely to survive or reproduce. A third explanation for the evolutionary advantages of monogamy is the “female-enforcement hypothesis.” In this scenario, the female ensures that the male does not have other offspring that might compete with her own, so she actively interferes with the male’s signaling to attract other mates. For example, owls that live in the tundra may migrate in years when their food source, small rodents, is relatively scarce, but not migrate during the years when rodents are plentiful.
To test the “knee-jerk” reflex, a doctor taps the patellar tendon below the kneecap with a rubber hammer. The definition of “pure” altruism, based on human behavior, is an action that benefits another without any direct benefit to oneself.
Most insects have simple “startle” reflexes triggered by small disturbances as well as more comprehensive “escape” reflexes triggered by larger disturbances. Not all animals live in groups, but even those that live relatively solitary lives, with the exception of those that can reproduce asexually, must mate. Animal behavior has been studied for decades, by biologists in the science of ethology, by psychologists in the science of comparative psychology, and by scientists of many disciplines in the study of neurobiology. Stimulus intensity increases with movement toward the source and decreases with movement away from the source.
The painted stork uses its long beak to forage. When a fixed action pattern fulfills or satisfies a physiological drive, it may be known as a consummatory act. The Significance of Innate Traits in THE MONTESSORI METHOD. Individuals inherit a suite of behaviors (often called an ethogram) just as they inherit physical traits such as body color and wing venation.
This is an example of an altruistic behavior: it benefits the young more than the individual performing the display, which is putting itself at risk by doing so. The popular 2005 documentary March of the Penguins followed the 62-mile migration of emperor penguins through Antarctica to bring food back to their breeding site and to their young.
Once initiated, the mantis cannot change direction in mid-strike or abort the mission if the prey escapes. Over time, natural selection can lead to surprisingly intricate and sophisticated behavior such as the dance language of honey bees or the courtship rituals of dance flies. Orthokinesis is the increased or decreased speed of movement of an organism in response to a stimulus.
One example of a human reflex action is the knee-jerk reflex. In more “advanced” species, males wrap the prey insilk, thus buying a little extra time for copulation. These displays are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. There has been much discussion over why altruistic behaviors exist.
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Even less-related individuals, those with less genetic identity than that shared by parent and offspring, benefit from seemingly altruistic behavior. As the females approach, the male defending the nest will mate with them.
Just like physical traits, innate behaviors are phylogenetic adaptations that have an evolutionary history. In selfish behavior, only the animal in question benefits; in altruistic behavior, one animal’s actions benefit another animal; cooperative behavior describes when both animals benefit.
Often these displays involve a series of steps, including an initial display by one member followed by a response from the other.
This type of behavioral cascade is common in insects.
Innate behavior is genetically programmed. One species of dance fly, for example, has a courtship ritual in which a male gives a ball of silk to a female. Figure 5. They are “hard wired” into the system.
Examples of Innate Behavior.
By keeping the sun directly overhead, a flying or swimming insect can insure that it travels parallel to the ground (or water surface). The purpose of pheromones is to elicit a specific behavior from the receiving individual. Do they help the altruistic individual pass on its own genes? It may also help explain the origin of some very unusual behavior. Just because an insect’s behavior is innate does not necessarily mean it is simple. An example of this observed in many monkey species where a monkey will present its back to an unrelated monkey to have that individual pick the parasites from its fur. Examples of such behaviors are seen widely across the animal kingdom.
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